ENCODE Regulation DNase Clusters Track Settings

JavaScript is disabled in your web browser

You must have JavaScript enabled in your web browser to use the Genome Browser

DNase I Hypersensitivity Peak Clusters from ENCODE (95 cell types)

Track collection: Integrated Regulation from ENCODE

Description

These tracks contain information relevant to the regulation of transcription from the ENCODE Project.

The TF rPeak Clusters track shows genomic regions bound by DNA-associated proteins involved in transcriptional regulation from ENCODE 4.
The Transcription track shows transcription levels assayed by sequencing of polyadenylated RNA from a variety of cell types.
The Layered H3K4Me1 and Layered H3K27Ac tracks show where modification of histone proteins is suggestive of enhancer and, to a lesser extent, other regulatory activity. These histone modifications, particularly H3K4Me1, are quite broad. The actual enhancers are typically just a small portion of the area marked by these histone modifications.
The Layered H3K4Me3 track shows a histone mark associated with promoters.
The DNase I Hypersensitivity tracks indicate where chromatin is hypersensitive to cutting by the DNase enzyme, which has been assayed in a large number of cell types. Regulatory regions, in general, tend to be DNase-sensitive, and promoters are particularly DNase-sensitive.
The Txn Factor ChIP tracks show DNA regions where transcription factors, proteins responsible for modulating gene transcription, bind as assayed by chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies specific to the transcription factor followed by sequencing of the precipitated DNA (ChIP-seq).

These tracks complement each other and together can shed much light on regulatory DNA. The histone marks are informative at a high level, but they have a resolution of just ~200 bases and do not provide much in the way of functional detail. The DNase hypersensitivity assay is higher in resolution at the DNA level and can be done on a large number of cell types since it's just a single assay. At the functional level, DNase hypersensitivity suggests that a region is very likely to be regulatory in nature, but provides little information beyond that. The transcription factor ChIP assay has a high resolution at the DNA level and, due to the very specific nature of the transcription factors, is often informative with respect to functional detail. However, since each transcription factor must be assayed separately, the information is only available for a limited number of transcription factors on a limited number of cell lines. Though each assay has its strengths and weaknesses, the fact that all of these assays are relatively independent of each other gives increased confidence when multiple tracks are suggesting a regulatory function for a region.

For additional information, please click on the hyperlinks for the individual tracks above. Also note that additional histone marks and transcription information is available in other ENCODE tracks. This integrative supertrack just shows a selection of the most informative data of most general interest.

To view the full description, click here.

All tracks in this collection (10)

Display mode:

Minimum Display score (0-1000):

(1 to 1000)

View table schema

Data last updated at UCSC: 2022-11-07

Description

This track shows clusters of DNaseI hypersensitivity derived from assays in 95 cell types by the John Stamatoyannapoulos lab at the University of Washington from September 2007 to January 2011, as part of the ENCODE project first production phase. Regulatory regions in general, and promoters in particular, tend to be DNase-sensitive.

Additional views of this data sites are displayed from the DNaseI HS track. The peaks in that track are the basis for the clusters shown here, which combine data from peaks from the different cell lines. Please note that track colors for the DNase tracks are based on similiarity of cell types, while there is different coloring for cell types on the ENCODE hg38 Transcription track, Layered H3K4Me1 track, Layered H3K4Me3 track, and Layered H3K27Ac track, which match the coloring used in their previous versions lifted from the hg19 assembly.

Display Conventions and Configuration

A gray box indicates the extent of the hypersensitive region. The darkness is proportional to the maximum signal strength observed in any cell line. The number to the left of the box shows how many cell lines are hypersensitive in the region. The track can be configured to restrict the display to elements above a specified score in the range 1-1000 (where score is based on signal strength).

Methods

Raw sequence data files were processed by the UCSC ENCODE DNase analysis pipeline (July 2014 specification), diagrammed here:

Credit: Qian Alvin Qin, X. Liu lab

Briefly, sequence files were aligned to the hg38 (GRCh38) genome assembly augmented with 'sponge' sequence (ref). Multi-mapped reads were removed, as were reads that aligned to 'sponge' or mitochondiral sequence. Results from all replicates were pooled, and further processed by the Hotspot program to call peaks.

Peaks of DNaseI hypersensitivity from the ENCODE DNase Analysis Pipeline at UCSC were assigned normalized scores (by UCSC regClusterMakeTableOfTables) in the range 0-1000 based on the narrowPeak signalValue and then clustered on score (by UCSC regCluster) to generate singly-linked clusters. Additional documentation on the methods used to identify hypersensitive sites are available from the DNaseI HS track.

Credits

This track is based on sequence data from the University of Washington ENCODE group, with subsequent processing by UCSC. For additional credits and references, see the DNaseI HS track.